Беспредложные и предложно-падежные конструкции, обозначающие прототип и параметр сравнения в русском языке: когнитивно-лингвистический подход

The article is devoted to the analysis of the instrumental case and the prepositional phrases protiv + genitive, pered + instrumental, v + accusative, na + accusative, s + instrumental and po + dative that mark a Prototype and a Parameter of Comparison in the Russian language. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyse the role of conceptual metaphors in the development of the meanings of the Prototype and the Parameter of Comparison. Relevance of the research. Non-propositional and prepositional phrases are analysed within such a promising research framework as cognitive linguistics. Theoretical framework. The study is conducted within the cognitive-linguistic framework or, more precisely, the theory of conceptual metaphor, according to which one domain is conceptualised and expressed in terms of another, more concrete, domain. Results, discussion. The study demonstrates the role of conceptual metaphors in the development of meanings of a Prototype and a Parameter of Comparison of the synonymous syntactic structures. Conclusion. It is shown that, on the basis of the metaphor similarity is proximity the prototype of comparison is understood as a destination or as a participant of the movement towards. Accordingly, the prepositional phrases v + accusative and na + accusative, which in their spatial meanings refer to a destination, and s + instrumental, which indicates a Participant of joint action (for example, movement towards) developed the meaning of the Prototype of Comparison. The metaphorical understanding of comparing as pairing up, putting near or opposite explains the use of protiv + genitive and pered + instrumental to mark a Prototype of comparison. A parameter of comparison is metaphorically understood as an instrument, with the help of which something is compared. In turn, an instrument is conceptualised as a path. Based on the parameter of comparison is an instrument and an instrument is a path metaphors, two constructions that indicate a Path in their spatial meanings, the instrumental case and prepositional phrase po + dative, developed the meaning of the Parameter of comparison.