A novel composite control approach to enhance stability in wind/PV/PEM fuel cell/hydrogen/BESS-based DC microgrids

This paper addresses the critical challenge of combating global warming by developing an advanced control strategy for DC microgrids powered by renewable energy sources. It proposes a novel composite controller based on an enhanced fast-reaching law, integrating a recursive backstepping controller with an integral terminal sliding mode controller to ensure stable DC-bus voltage and seamless power management. The proposed composite controller effectively coordinates multiple components, including proton exchange membrane fuel cells fuelled by green hydrogen, solar photovoltaic systems, wind turbines with permanent magnet synchronous generators, and battery energy storage systems. To maximize energy generation from photovoltaic and permanent magnet synchronous generator, a deep neural network-based maximum power point tracking algorithm is employed. Moreover, a fuzzy logic control-based energy management system regulates power flow, factoring in key parameters such as the battery energy storage system's state of charge, fuel cell capacity, and available renewable energy sources power. The robustness of the composite controller is rigorously validated using the control Lyapunov theory to ensure stability under varying operating conditions. Both MATLAB/Simulink simulations and processor-in-the-loop testing demonstrate the composite controller's superior performance, showing a dramatic 85% to 100% improvement in settling time and overshoot compared to existing controllers.