A sclerite-bearing stem group entoproct from the early Cambrian and its implications

Zhifei Zhang; Lars E. Holmer; Christian B. Skovsted; Glenn A. Brock; Graham E. Budd; Dongjing Fu; Xingliang Zhang; Degan Shu; Jian Han; Jianni Liu; Haizhou Wang; Aodhán Butler; Guoxiang Li

doi:10.1038/srep01066

A sclerite-bearing stem group entoproct from the early Cambrian and its implications

Zhifei Zhang^*, Lars E. Holmer, Christian B. Skovsted, Glenn A. Brock, Graham E. Budd, Dongjing Fu, Xingliang Zhang, Degan Shu, Jian Han, Jianni Liu, Haizhou Wang, Aodhán Butler, Guoxiang Li

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

40 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The Lophotrochozoa includes disparate tentacle-bearing sessile protostome animals, which apparently appeared in the Cambrian explosion, but lack an uncontested fossil record. Here we describe abundant well preserved material of Cotyledion tylodes Luo et Hu, 1999, from the Cambrian (Series 2) Chengjiang deposits, reinterpreted here as a stem-group entoproct. The entoproct affinity is supported by the sessile body plan and interior soft anatomy. The body consists of an upper calyx and a lower elongate stalk with a distal holdfast. The soft anatomy includes a U-shaped gut with a mouth and aboral anus ringed by retractable marginal tentacles. Cotyledion differs from extant entoprocts in being larger, and having the calyx and the stalk covered by numerous loosely-spaced external sclerites. The description of entoprocts from the Chengjiang biota traces the ancestry of yet another lophotrochozoan phylum back to the Cambrian radiation, and has important implications for the earliest evolution of lophotrochozoans.

Original language	English
Article number	1066
Pages (from-to)	1-7
Number of pages	7
Journal	Scientific Reports
Volume	3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01066
Publication status	Published - 2013

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title = "A sclerite-bearing stem group entoproct from the early Cambrian and its implications",

abstract = "The Lophotrochozoa includes disparate tentacle-bearing sessile protostome animals, which apparently appeared in the Cambrian explosion, but lack an uncontested fossil record. Here we describe abundant well preserved material of Cotyledion tylodes Luo et Hu, 1999, from the Cambrian (Series 2) Chengjiang deposits, reinterpreted here as a stem-group entoproct. The entoproct affinity is supported by the sessile body plan and interior soft anatomy. The body consists of an upper calyx and a lower elongate stalk with a distal holdfast. The soft anatomy includes a U-shaped gut with a mouth and aboral anus ringed by retractable marginal tentacles. Cotyledion differs from extant entoprocts in being larger, and having the calyx and the stalk covered by numerous loosely-spaced external sclerites. The description of entoprocts from the Chengjiang biota traces the ancestry of yet another lophotrochozoan phylum back to the Cambrian radiation, and has important implications for the earliest evolution of lophotrochozoans.",

author = "Zhifei Zhang and Holmer, {Lars E.} and Skovsted, {Christian B.} and Brock, {Glenn A.} and Budd, {Graham E.} and Dongjing Fu and Xingliang Zhang and Degan Shu and Jian Han and Jianni Liu and Haizhou Wang and Aodh{\'a}n Butler and Guoxiang Li",

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AU - Holmer, Lars E.

AU - Skovsted, Christian B.

AU - Brock, Glenn A.

AU - Budd, Graham E.

AU - Fu, Dongjing

AU - Zhang, Xingliang

AU - Shu, Degan

AU - Han, Jian

AU - Liu, Jianni

AU - Wang, Haizhou

AU - Butler, Aodhán

AU - Li, Guoxiang

PY - 2013

Y1 - 2013

N2 - The Lophotrochozoa includes disparate tentacle-bearing sessile protostome animals, which apparently appeared in the Cambrian explosion, but lack an uncontested fossil record. Here we describe abundant well preserved material of Cotyledion tylodes Luo et Hu, 1999, from the Cambrian (Series 2) Chengjiang deposits, reinterpreted here as a stem-group entoproct. The entoproct affinity is supported by the sessile body plan and interior soft anatomy. The body consists of an upper calyx and a lower elongate stalk with a distal holdfast. The soft anatomy includes a U-shaped gut with a mouth and aboral anus ringed by retractable marginal tentacles. Cotyledion differs from extant entoprocts in being larger, and having the calyx and the stalk covered by numerous loosely-spaced external sclerites. The description of entoprocts from the Chengjiang biota traces the ancestry of yet another lophotrochozoan phylum back to the Cambrian radiation, and has important implications for the earliest evolution of lophotrochozoans.

AB - The Lophotrochozoa includes disparate tentacle-bearing sessile protostome animals, which apparently appeared in the Cambrian explosion, but lack an uncontested fossil record. Here we describe abundant well preserved material of Cotyledion tylodes Luo et Hu, 1999, from the Cambrian (Series 2) Chengjiang deposits, reinterpreted here as a stem-group entoproct. The entoproct affinity is supported by the sessile body plan and interior soft anatomy. The body consists of an upper calyx and a lower elongate stalk with a distal holdfast. The soft anatomy includes a U-shaped gut with a mouth and aboral anus ringed by retractable marginal tentacles. Cotyledion differs from extant entoprocts in being larger, and having the calyx and the stalk covered by numerous loosely-spaced external sclerites. The description of entoprocts from the Chengjiang biota traces the ancestry of yet another lophotrochozoan phylum back to the Cambrian radiation, and has important implications for the earliest evolution of lophotrochozoans.

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A sclerite-bearing stem group entoproct from the early Cambrian and its implications

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