A theoretical perspective of autistic sensory masking

Autistic masking has typically been understood as the knowing or unknowing suppression of naturalistic Autistic traits within neuronormative social contexts. However, social interactions are inherently embedded within broader sensory environments, suggesting a need to examine masking beyond the social domain. In this Perspective, we introduce and define the concept of Autistic sensory masking - the conscious or unconscious suppression, inhibition, or override of sensory responses to meet environmental or social expectations. Drawing on recent research and our own lived experience, we describe sensory masking, including how it may emerge developmentally - often as a learned adaptation to unsafe or invalidating sensory environments. We then discuss the effects of long-term masking. While sensory masking may sometimes serve a useful function, its chronic and persistent use may contribute to burnout and negatively impact wellbeing and mental health, particularly with long-term exposure to sensory aversive environments. Further, we distinguish sensory masking from two related concepts: sensory anchoring, which refers to the use of stabilising sensory input (via tools or movement) for self-regulation, and sensory unmasking, which involves an individual reclaiming autonomy through encountering safe spaces for sensory self-expression, and embodying flow states such as monotropism. We conclude by outlining constructive approaches that support sensory safety, self-regulation, and wellbeing, and propose future research directions to explore the mechanisms, impacts, and potential supports associated with sensory masking.