TY - JOUR
T1 - Advancements, challenges, and prospects of water-filled antennas
AU - Sayem, Abu Sadat Md.
AU - Lalbakhsh, Ali
AU - Esselle, Karu P.
AU - Moloudian, Gholamhosein
AU - Buckley, John L.
AU - Simorangkir, Roy B. V. B.
N1 - Copyright the Author(s). Version archived for private and non-commercial use with the permission of the author/s and according to publisher conditions. For further rights please contact the publisher.
PY - 2023
Y1 - 2023
N2 - In the group of liquid antennas, water antennas have attracted tremendous popularity due to the excellent electrical and mechanical properties of water. Pure water is a high permittivity dielectric liquid which comprises high dielectric constant and very low electrical conductivity. While the electrical conductivity of pure water is very low, salt-water has good electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity of salt-water can be controlled by adjusting the ratio of salt content (salinity) in the water solution. Both pure water and salt water has excellent optical transparency, liquidity, flexibility and easy availability, thus, become excellent candidates in antenna manufacturing. Pure water is utilized as the dielectric component of the antenna and generally used in the development of dielectric resonator antennas, whereas salt-water is used as the conductive part of the antenna replacing metallic conductors. Some antennas have also utilized both the pure water and salt water for improved performance. In the literature, different classes of antennas can be found that have been developed by utilizing water. In this review paper, we have highlighted the state-of-the-art designs of water-filled antennas, highlighted the major challenges towards the development of water-filled antennas and presented the novel applications and prospects of water-filled antennas.
AB - In the group of liquid antennas, water antennas have attracted tremendous popularity due to the excellent electrical and mechanical properties of water. Pure water is a high permittivity dielectric liquid which comprises high dielectric constant and very low electrical conductivity. While the electrical conductivity of pure water is very low, salt-water has good electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity of salt-water can be controlled by adjusting the ratio of salt content (salinity) in the water solution. Both pure water and salt water has excellent optical transparency, liquidity, flexibility and easy availability, thus, become excellent candidates in antenna manufacturing. Pure water is utilized as the dielectric component of the antenna and generally used in the development of dielectric resonator antennas, whereas salt-water is used as the conductive part of the antenna replacing metallic conductors. Some antennas have also utilized both the pure water and salt water for improved performance. In the literature, different classes of antennas can be found that have been developed by utilizing water. In this review paper, we have highlighted the state-of-the-art designs of water-filled antennas, highlighted the major challenges towards the development of water-filled antennas and presented the novel applications and prospects of water-filled antennas.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85147314297&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3238571
DO - 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3238571
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85147314297
SN - 2169-3536
VL - 11
SP - 8301
EP - 8323
JO - IEEE Access
JF - IEEE Access
ER -