Advances in perovskite-based photocatalysts: mechanisms, materials design, and applications

The increasing demand for clean energy, combined with the environmental consequences of fossil fuel consumption, highlights the urgent need for sustainable energy solutions. Photocatalysis, utilizing solar energy to degrade pollutants and produce clean fuels, has emerged as a highly promising strategy. Perovskite materials have gained significant attention as photocatalysts due to their distinctive structural and optoelectronic properties. This chapter presents an in-depth review of perovskite-based photocatalysts, focusing on their fundamental working mechanisms for photocatalytic activity. Building on this foundation, we highlight recent advancements in key environmental applications, including hydrogen production through water splitting, CO₂ reduction, nitrogen fixation, nitrate-to-ammonia reduction, and the degradation of organic pollutants. The chapter further outlines current challenges and emerging opportunities in the field, proposing a strategic roadmap for future development to maximize the potential of perovskite-based photocatalysts in addressing global energy and environmental concerns. The insights presented offer valuable guidance to researchers, engineers, and policymakers working toward a clean and sustainable energy future.