Agnos-L2: adaptive Layer 2 framework for heterogeneous blockchain ecosystems

Blockchain is a foundational technology for decentralised systems, but major Layer 1 (L1) networks such as Bitcoin and Ethereum face scalability and cost limits. This has motivated the development of Layer 2 (L2) solutions that process transactions off-chain while preserving L1 security guarantees. We present Agnos-L2, a flexible L2 blockchains that works across different L1 blockchains, including Bitcoin and EVM-based networks. The design separates execution, state commitment, and settlement. This allows an adaptive transaction pipeline that learns each chain’s block time, fee market, and proof rules. It then picks the best routing, batching, and proof methods. We model the system with queueing theory and optimization to study throughput, latency, and cost under security limits. We also give pseudocode for an adaptive router and a settlement scheduler. Simulations show that Agnos-L2 can reach up to 3× more throughput and cut costs by 35% in realistic network settings. It keeps L1 verifiability using succinct proofs and fraud or validity games. We compare Agnos-L2 with rollups, payment channels, and sidechains, and study its security against censorship, reorgs, and bridge risks. Our results show that one L2 design can link many blockchains while staying secure and efficient.