An In-depth look at TOI-3884b: A super-Neptune transiting an M4Dwarf with persistent starspot crossings

Jessica E. Libby-Roberts; Maria Schutte; Leslie Hebb; Shubham Kanodia; Caleb I. Cañas; Guðmundur Stefánsson; Andrea S. J. Lin; Suvrath Mahadevan; Winter Parts(they/them); Luke Powers; John Wisniewski; Chad F. Bender; William D. Cochran; Scott A. Diddams; Mark E. Everett; Arvind F. Gupta; Samuel Halverson; Henry A. Kobulnicky; Adam F. Kowalski; Alexander Larsen; Andrew Monson; Joe P. Ninan; Brock A. Parker; Lawrence W. Ramsey; Paul Robertson; Christian Schwab; Tera N. Swaby; Ryan C. Terrien

doi:10.3847/1538-3881/accc2f

An In-depth look at TOI-3884b: A super-Neptune transiting an M4Dwarf with persistent starspot crossings

Jessica E. Libby-Roberts^*, Maria Schutte, Leslie Hebb, Shubham Kanodia, Caleb I. Cañas, Guðmundur Stefánsson, Andrea S. J. Lin, Suvrath Mahadevan, Winter Parts(they/them), Luke Powers, John Wisniewski, Chad F. Bender, William D. Cochran, Scott A. Diddams, Mark E. Everett, Arvind F. Gupta, Samuel Halverson, Henry A. Kobulnicky, Adam F. Kowalski, Alexander LarsenAndrew Monson, Joe P. Ninan, Brock A. Parker, Lawrence W. Ramsey, Paul Robertson, Christian Schwab, Tera N. Swaby, Ryan C. Terrien

^*Corresponding author for this work

School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences

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Abstract

We perform an in-depth analysis of the recently validated TOI-3884 system, an M4-dwarf star with a transiting super-Neptune. Using high-precision light curves obtained with the 3.5 m Apache Point Observatory and radial velocity observations with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder, we derive a planetary mass of 32.6_−7.4^+7.3 M_⊕ and radius of 6.4 ± 0.2 R_⊕. We detect a distinct starspot crossing event occurring just after ingress and spanning half the transit for every transit. We determine this spot feature to be wavelength dependent with the amplitude and duration evolving slightly over time. Best-fit starspot models show that TOI-3884b possesses a misaligned (λ = 75° ± 10°) orbit that crosses a giant pole spot. This system presents a rare opportunity for studies into the nature of both a misaligned super-Neptune and spot evolution on an active mid-M dwarf.

Original language	English
Article number	249
Pages (from-to)	1-17
Number of pages	17
Journal	Astronomical Journal
Volume	165
Issue number	6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/accc2f
Publication status	Published - 1 Jun 2023

Bibliographical note

Copyright © 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Version archived for private and non-commercial use with the permission of the author/s and according to publisher conditions. For further rights please contact the publisher.

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Libby-Roberts, J. E., Schutte, M., Hebb, L., Kanodia, S., Cañas, C. I., Stefánsson, G., Lin, A. S. J., Mahadevan, S., Parts(they/them), W., Powers, L., Wisniewski, J., Bender, C. F., Cochran, W. D., Diddams, S. A., Everett, M. E., Gupta, A. F., Halverson, S., Kobulnicky, H. A., Kowalski, A. F., ... Terrien, R. C. (2023). An In-depth look at TOI-3884b: A super-Neptune transiting an M4Dwarf with persistent starspot crossings. Astronomical Journal, 165(6), 1-17. Article 249. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/accc2f

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title = "An In-depth look at TOI-3884b: A super-Neptune transiting an M4Dwarf with persistent starspot crossings",

abstract = "We perform an in-depth analysis of the recently validated TOI-3884 system, an M4-dwarf star with a transiting super-Neptune. Using high-precision light curves obtained with the 3.5 m Apache Point Observatory and radial velocity observations with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder, we derive a planetary mass of 32.6−7.4+7.3 M⊕ and radius of 6.4 ± 0.2 R⊕. We detect a distinct starspot crossing event occurring just after ingress and spanning half the transit for every transit. We determine this spot feature to be wavelength dependent with the amplitude and duration evolving slightly over time. Best-fit starspot models show that TOI-3884b possesses a misaligned (λ = 75° ± 10°) orbit that crosses a giant pole spot. This system presents a rare opportunity for studies into the nature of both a misaligned super-Neptune and spot evolution on an active mid-M dwarf.",

author = "Libby-Roberts, {Jessica E.} and Maria Schutte and Leslie Hebb and Shubham Kanodia and Ca{\~n}as, {Caleb I.} and Gu{\dh}mundur Stef{\'a}nsson and Lin, {Andrea S. J.} and Suvrath Mahadevan and Winter Parts(they/them) and Luke Powers and John Wisniewski and Bender, {Chad F.} and Cochran, {William D.} and Diddams, {Scott A.} and Everett, {Mark E.} and Gupta, {Arvind F.} and Samuel Halverson and Kobulnicky, {Henry A.} and Kowalski, {Adam F.} and Alexander Larsen and Andrew Monson and Ninan, {Joe P.} and Parker, {Brock A.} and Ramsey, {Lawrence W.} and Paul Robertson and Christian Schwab and Swaby, {Tera N.} and Terrien, {Ryan C.}",

note = "Copyright {\textcopyright} 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Version archived for private and non-commercial use with the permission of the author/s and according to publisher conditions. For further rights please contact the publisher.",

year = "2023",

month = jun,

day = "1",

doi = "10.3847/1538-3881/accc2f",

language = "English",

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Libby-Roberts, JE, Schutte, M, Hebb, L, Kanodia, S, Cañas, CI, Stefánsson, G, Lin, ASJ, Mahadevan, S, Parts(they/them), W, Powers, L, Wisniewski, J, Bender, CF, Cochran, WD, Diddams, SA, Everett, ME, Gupta, AF, Halverson, S, Kobulnicky, HA, Kowalski, AF, Larsen, A, Monson, A, Ninan, JP, Parker, BA, Ramsey, LW, Robertson, P, Schwab, C, Swaby, TN & Terrien, RC 2023, 'An In-depth look at TOI-3884b: A super-Neptune transiting an M4Dwarf with persistent starspot crossings', Astronomical Journal, vol. 165, no. 6, 249, pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/accc2f

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T1 - An In-depth look at TOI-3884b

T2 - A super-Neptune transiting an M4Dwarf with persistent starspot crossings

AU - Libby-Roberts, Jessica E.

AU - Schutte, Maria

AU - Hebb, Leslie

AU - Kanodia, Shubham

AU - Cañas, Caleb I.

AU - Stefánsson, Guðmundur

AU - Lin, Andrea S. J.

AU - Mahadevan, Suvrath

AU - Parts(they/them), Winter

AU - Powers, Luke

AU - Wisniewski, John

AU - Bender, Chad F.

AU - Cochran, William D.

AU - Diddams, Scott A.

AU - Everett, Mark E.

AU - Gupta, Arvind F.

AU - Halverson, Samuel

AU - Kobulnicky, Henry A.

AU - Kowalski, Adam F.

AU - Larsen, Alexander

AU - Monson, Andrew

AU - Ninan, Joe P.

AU - Parker, Brock A.

AU - Ramsey, Lawrence W.

AU - Robertson, Paul

AU - Schwab, Christian

AU - Swaby, Tera N.

AU - Terrien, Ryan C.

N1 - Copyright © 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Version archived for private and non-commercial use with the permission of the author/s and according to publisher conditions. For further rights please contact the publisher.

PY - 2023/6/1

Y1 - 2023/6/1

N2 - We perform an in-depth analysis of the recently validated TOI-3884 system, an M4-dwarf star with a transiting super-Neptune. Using high-precision light curves obtained with the 3.5 m Apache Point Observatory and radial velocity observations with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder, we derive a planetary mass of 32.6−7.4+7.3 M⊕ and radius of 6.4 ± 0.2 R⊕. We detect a distinct starspot crossing event occurring just after ingress and spanning half the transit for every transit. We determine this spot feature to be wavelength dependent with the amplitude and duration evolving slightly over time. Best-fit starspot models show that TOI-3884b possesses a misaligned (λ = 75° ± 10°) orbit that crosses a giant pole spot. This system presents a rare opportunity for studies into the nature of both a misaligned super-Neptune and spot evolution on an active mid-M dwarf.

AB - We perform an in-depth analysis of the recently validated TOI-3884 system, an M4-dwarf star with a transiting super-Neptune. Using high-precision light curves obtained with the 3.5 m Apache Point Observatory and radial velocity observations with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder, we derive a planetary mass of 32.6−7.4+7.3 M⊕ and radius of 6.4 ± 0.2 R⊕. We detect a distinct starspot crossing event occurring just after ingress and spanning half the transit for every transit. We determine this spot feature to be wavelength dependent with the amplitude and duration evolving slightly over time. Best-fit starspot models show that TOI-3884b possesses a misaligned (λ = 75° ± 10°) orbit that crosses a giant pole spot. This system presents a rare opportunity for studies into the nature of both a misaligned super-Neptune and spot evolution on an active mid-M dwarf.

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DO - 10.3847/1538-3881/accc2f

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SN - 0004-6256

VL - 165

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JO - Astronomical Journal

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ER -

An In-depth look at TOI-3884b: A super-Neptune transiting an M4Dwarf with persistent starspot crossings

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