Abstract
We present general methods for simulating black-box Hamiltonians using quantum walks. These techniques have two main applications: simulating sparse Hamiltonians and implementing black-box unitary operations. In particular, we give the best known simulation of sparse Hamiltonians with constant precision. Our method has complexity linear in both the sparseness D (the maximum number of nonzero elements in a column) and the evolution time t, whereas previous methods had complexity scaling as D 4 and were superlinear in t. We also consider the task of implementing an arbitrary unitary operation given a black-box description of its matrix elements. Whereas standard methods for performing an explicitly specified N X N unitary operation use Õ(N 2) elementary gates, we show that a black-box unitary can be performed with bounded error using O(N 2/3(log logN) 4/3) queries to its matrix elements. In fact, except for pathological cases, it appears that most unitaries can be performed with only Õ (√N) queries, which is optimal.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 29-62 |
Number of pages | 34 |
Journal | Quantum Information and Computation |
Volume | 12 |
Issue number | 1-2 |
Publication status | Published - 1 Jan 2012 |