Chinese perspectives on Antarctic geopolitics

A broader range of stakeholder interests and the evolving landscape of global geopolitics influence the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) in the twenty-first century. China’s increasingly active participation in Antarctic policymaking is one aspect of this evolving landscape. This chapter offers an in-depth understanding of China’s perspectives on Antarctic geopolitics as the rationale for its behaviours. It argues that China’s views are formed through the interaction of political narratives and interactions within the Chinese bureaucracy. While geopolitical considerations primarily inform China’s Antarctic diplomacy in ATCMs and CCAMLR, its competent agencies, which have a longer association with the ATS, favour liberty and stability. Antarctic affairs are not at the forefront of China’s broader geopolitical concerns. With new aspirations, such as fishing, and new political narratives that encourage a tougher posture in its diplomacy, the Chinese delegation finds it more difficult to explain itself or compromise in negotiations. Conventional diplomacy’s failure to build consensus may lead to a further diminution of trust among the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties, including China, and reduce opportunities for future cooperation. Antarctic science and logistical cooperation, with fewer geopolitical implications, may play a role in maintaining, if not restoring, good faith in the ATS. In addition, new approaches of engagement is needed for the ATS to forge policy cooperation.