@inbook{3cf86fb17abd4e56ae82910e35525b18,
title = "Consonants",
abstract = "Consonants are speech sounds produced with a closure or near complete constriction of the vocal tract. All languages systematically exploit place of articulation to differentiate consonants. Eight other phonetically independent parameters are used to create consonant contrast: airstream, constriction degree, laryngeal setting, nasality, laterality, length, articulator stiffness, and respiratory strength. Aspiration, affrication, pre-stopping, secondary articulations, and other properties of {\textquoteleft}complex{\textquoteright} consonants are best described as patterns of coordination in the underlying gestures.",
keywords = "consonant, phonetic parameters, constriction, place of articulation, contrast, airstream",
author = "Michael Proctor",
year = "2022",
doi = "10.1017/9781108644198.004",
language = "English",
series = "Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics",
publisher = "Cambridge University Press (CUP)",
pages = "65--105",
editor = "Rachael-Anne Knight and Jane Setter",
booktitle = "The Cambridge handbook of phonetics",
address = "United Kingdom",
}