Controlled generation of Tm²⁺ Ions in nanocrystalline BaFCl:Tm³⁺ by X-ray irradiation

Physics & Astronomy

• thulium 77%
• photoionization 60%
• luminescence 47%
• traps 46%
• photoluminescence 43%
• irradiation 40%
• sunlight 35%
• illuminating 30%
• ions 29%
• rooms 29%
• radiant flux density 28%
• x rays 28%
• distribution functions 24%
• spacing 24%
• tubes 22%
• life (durability) 21%
• dosage 20%
• impurities 20%
• oxides 19%
• kinetics 18%
• radiation 17%
• excitation 15%
• lasers 13%

Chemistry

• Hole Trap 100%
• X-Ray Irradiation 85%
• Photoionization 73%
• Photoluminescence 48%
• Luminiscence Type 44%
• Distribution Function 38%
• Excited State 25%
• Ion 24%
• Dose 24%
• X-Ray 18%
• Oxide 16%