Controlled synthesis of partially reduced graphene oxide: enhance electrochemical determination of isoniazid with high sensitivity and stability

Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) based voltammetric sensors have drawn considerable attentions due to their simple preparation process and outstanding electrochemical properties. While quite a lot of work suffers from problems in terms of sensitivity and cycling stability. Here, we demonstrate that the reduction extent of ERGO displays a crucial role in enhancing sensitivity and preventing electrode fouling. To illustrate this, partially reduced and relatively complete reduced ERGO films were prepared via the electrochemical method. The reduction extent was controlled by performing cyclic voltammetry with varieties of reduction cycle numbers. Results indicated that partially reduced ERGO film with 5 reduction cycle numbers (ERGO₅) showed the highest sensitivity towards electrochemical oxidation of isoniazid (INZ) among all the ERGO films with different reduction extents, and acquired better electrode stability as compared with ERGO₁₅. Under the optimal conditions, the peak currents on ERGO₅ modified electrode increased linearly with the concentrations of INZ in the range of 0.09-100 μM. The detection limit of INZ reached 15 nM (S/N = 3). The present work has a guidance meaning in developing ERGO based sensors for detecting other electroactive analytes.