Coupled fire–atmosphere simulations of the Split, Croatia, wildfire

The Weather Research and Forecasting Spread FIRE (WRF-SFIRE) model was used to simulate the evolution of the fire perimeter for the Split wildfire in Croatia, evaluated in our previous detailed reconstruction of the event. A four-domain configuration was applied, with the innermost domain having a resolution of 500 m with a planetary boundary layer parameterization. The coupled fire grid was further downscaled to 33.3-m resolution, using the best available estimates of topography and fuel load data. WRF-SFIRE simulated slightly smaller fire areas in the four observed fire perimeter stages of the Split wildfire event, especially the northwestward spread in the last stage along the Adriatic coast. Additional experiments with multiple ignitions in the WRF-SFIRE model, representing the spotting mechanism, successfully simulated the northwestward spread in the event. The study also included sensitivity experiments that turned off the heat and moisture flux coupling between WRF and the fire grid. It was found that the simulated fire area is larger than the model run that included heat and moisture feedback from the fire grid to the atmosphere, which is contrary to some previous studies. The large wind speed and convergence along the fire line in our feedback-on simulation, which constrain the fire when there are feedback processes, were likely the cause of the smaller fire area. Last, areas of pine that burnt in the Split fire event favored crown fire spread, which is not represented in the current modeling framework of WRF-SFIRE.