TY - JOUR
T1 - Dendritic spines
T2 - revisiting the physiological role
AU - Chidambaram, Saravana Babu
AU - Rathipriya, A. G.
AU - Bolla, Srinivasa Rao
AU - Bhat, Abid
AU - Ray, Bipul
AU - Mahalakshmi, Arehally Marappa
AU - Manivasagam, Thamilarasan
AU - Thenmozhi, Arokiasamy Justin
AU - Essa, Musthafa Mohamed
AU - Guillemin, Gilles J.
AU - Chandra, Ramesh
AU - Sakharkar, Meena Kishore
PY - 2019/6/8
Y1 - 2019/6/8
N2 - Dendritic spines are small, thin, specialized protrusions from neuronal dendrites, primarily localized in the excitatory synapses. Sophisticated imaging techniques revealed that dendritic spines are complex structures consisting of a dense network of cytoskeletal, transmembrane and scaffolding molecules, and numerous surface receptors. Molecular signaling pathways, mainly Rho and Ras family small GTPases pathways that converge on actin cytoskeleton, regulate the spine morphology and dynamics bi-directionally during synaptic activity. During synaptic plasticity the number and shapes of dendritic spines undergo radical reorganizations. Long-term potentiation (LTP) induction promote spine head enlargement and the formation and stabilization of new spines. Long-term depression (LTD) results in their shrinkage and retraction. Reports indicate increased spine density in the pyramidal neurons of autism and Fragile X syndrome patients and reduced density in the temporal gyrus loci of schizophrenic patients. Post-mortem reports of Alzheimer's brains showed reduced spine number in the hippocampus and cortex. This review highlights the spine morphogenesis process, the activity-dependent structural plasticity and mechanisms by which synaptic activity sculpts the dendritic spines, the structural and functional changes in spines during learning and memory using LTP and LTD processes. It also discusses on spine status in neurodegenerative diseases and the impact of nootropics and neuroprotective agents on the functional restoration of dendritic spines.
AB - Dendritic spines are small, thin, specialized protrusions from neuronal dendrites, primarily localized in the excitatory synapses. Sophisticated imaging techniques revealed that dendritic spines are complex structures consisting of a dense network of cytoskeletal, transmembrane and scaffolding molecules, and numerous surface receptors. Molecular signaling pathways, mainly Rho and Ras family small GTPases pathways that converge on actin cytoskeleton, regulate the spine morphology and dynamics bi-directionally during synaptic activity. During synaptic plasticity the number and shapes of dendritic spines undergo radical reorganizations. Long-term potentiation (LTP) induction promote spine head enlargement and the formation and stabilization of new spines. Long-term depression (LTD) results in their shrinkage and retraction. Reports indicate increased spine density in the pyramidal neurons of autism and Fragile X syndrome patients and reduced density in the temporal gyrus loci of schizophrenic patients. Post-mortem reports of Alzheimer's brains showed reduced spine number in the hippocampus and cortex. This review highlights the spine morphogenesis process, the activity-dependent structural plasticity and mechanisms by which synaptic activity sculpts the dendritic spines, the structural and functional changes in spines during learning and memory using LTP and LTD processes. It also discusses on spine status in neurodegenerative diseases and the impact of nootropics and neuroprotective agents on the functional restoration of dendritic spines.
KW - Dendritic spine pathology
KW - Dendritic spines
KW - Neurological diseases
KW - Spine dynamics
KW - synaptic plasticity
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85060106851&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.01.005
DO - 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.01.005
M3 - Review article
C2 - 30654089
AN - SCOPUS:85060106851
SN - 0278-5846
VL - 92
SP - 161
EP - 193
JO - Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
JF - Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
ER -