Divalent cations in tears, and their influence on tear film stability in humans and rabbits

Xiaojia Eric Wei, Maria Markoulli, Thomas J. Millar, Mark D P Willcox, Zhenjun Zhao

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

22 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Purpose. Reduced tear film stability is reported to contribute to dry eye. Rabbits are known to have a more stable tear film than humans. Thus, we sought to examine the tears of rabbits and humans for metal cations, and to test how they influence tear film stability. Methods. Tears were collected from 10 healthy humans and 6 rabbits. Tear osmolality was measured by vapor pressure osmometer, and metals analyzed using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectrometry or ICP atomic emission spectroscopy. The influence of divalent cations on tears was analyzed by measuring surface tension using the Langmuir trough in vitro, using different concentrations of cations in the subphase, and grading the tear break-up in rabbits in vivo after instillation of chelating agents. Results. Rabbit tears had a higher osmolality compared to humans. Major metals did not differ between species; however, rabbits had higher levels of Mg 2+ (1.13 vs. 0.39 mM) and Ca 2+ (0.75 vs. 0.36 mM). In rabbit tears in vitro, diminishing divalent cations resulted in a decrease in the maximum surface pressure from 37 to 30 mN/m. In vivo, an increase in the amount of tear film that was broken-up was found. In contrast, when changing divalent cation concentrations in human tears, the maximum surface pressure remained at 26 mN/m. Conclusions. The normal osmolality of rabbit tears is significantly higher than that in humans. While divalent cations had little influence on human tears, they appear to have an important role in maintaining tear film stability in rabbits.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)3280-3285
Number of pages6
JournalInvestigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science
Volume53
Issue number7
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Jun 2012
Externally publishedYes

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