Energy demand estimation of electric buses considering dynamic wireless charging technology

The conversion from petroleum-fueled buses to electric buses (EBs) is regarded to limit damage to the environment from the widespread use of gasoline and diesel fuel. Several factors play important role in estimating the energy demand of EBs, such as vehicle mass, speed profile, energy efficiency rate, and road information. In the literature, validation of the analytical energy demand model of an EB is rarely reported. Large EB mass affects energy demand efficiency, which leads to higher consumption. This paper initially provides a comprehensive review of widely used energy demand models in EB systems. Using real-world data-driven from manufacturer test reports in the USA, a simple, practical, and validated mathematical model is derived to estimate the energy demand of EBs. Furthermore, the problem of computing the energy demand when EB battery size is a decision variable is addressed. To understand the energy demand system, the impact of efficiency rate and vehicle mass on the overall demand is also investigated. The influence of energy demand on optimization systems of dynamic wireless charging planning of EBs is investigated. The results show that a higher energy demand efficiency rate leads to lower consumption, overall cost reduction, battery size decline, and shorter dynamic charging facility.