Hypnosis as an altered state of consciousness. I: a review of traditional theories

For almost 200 years the nature of the hypnotic state has been a matter of controversy. Subjects have been accused accussed of role-playing while in this state, and its inclusion as an altered state of consciousness (ASC) has been questioned. The problem particularly applies to hetero-hypnosis. Role-playing is assumed to be more marked in hetero-hypnosis, as the subject attempts to please the hypnotist and so is motivated to appear to be hypnotized and to behave as he percieves a hypnotized person should behave. This paper examines the characteristics of ASCs, and then critically evaluates the traditional theories and changing concepts of the nature of hypnosis throughout history.