Intricacies of running a route without success in night-active bull ants (Myrmecia midas)

How do ants resolve conflicts between different sets of navigational cues during navigation? When two cue sets point to diametrically opposite directions, theories predict that animals should pick one set of cues or the other. Here we tested how nocturnal bull ants Myrmecia midas adjust their paths along established routes if route following does not lead to their entry into their nest. During testing, foragers were repeatedly placed back along their homeward route up to nine times, a procedure called rewinding. This procedure produced an accumulating path integrator, or vector, in diametric opposition to the learned landmark views of the route. Repeated rewinding made some individuals head initially in the nest-to-feeder vector direction, but all ants ended up using the visual scene for homing, demonstrating the importance of view-based homing in this species. Repeated rewinding, however, led to path deteriorations; with increased path meander and scanning, results also found in desert ants. After nine rewinding trips, ants were displaced off their route in further manipulations, to a site near the nest, an unfamiliar site, or with the terrestrial surround entirely covered. The results show that a change in visual conditions diminished the weight accorded to path integration: the off-route ants no longer headed off in the vector direction as they did on the immediately preceding trial. They relied on celestial compass cues in other ways for homing. Experiment 2 showed the effects of rewinding in the unaltered natural habitat were not view-specific in these bull ants.