Janus micro/nanorobotic adsorbents: a smart solution for heavy metal remediation

The contamination of waterbodies by heavy metal ions poses a severe threat to human health and environmental sustainability due to their toxicity, carcinogenicity, and persistent nature. Addressing these challenges, Janus-structured micro/nanomotors have emerged as a game-changing solution, integrating asymmetric design, self-propulsion, and multifunctional surface chemistry. These ultra small robotic nanomachine process built-in-power units that enable continuous movement, enhancing their ability to overcome resistance and achieve efficient heavy metal adsorption and removal. This review highlights the latest advancements in Janus micro/nanomotor adsorbents (MNMAs), focusing on their structural features, propulsion mechanisms, adsorption kinetics, and removal efficiencies. Particular attention is given to the influence of material structure, propulsion strategies, and environmental adaptability on performance, alongside a critical discussion on scalability, operational stability, and potential ecological impacts. Finally, future perspectives are outlined, highlighting the integration of Janus MNMAs with cutting-edge technologies for next-generation water purification. By offering a bird’s eye view of MNMAs research, this review aims to inspire innovative strategies for sustainable and high-performance heavy metal remediation.