Linking Mineral deposit models to quantitative risk analysis and decision-making in exploration

This paper describes a methodology of translating mineral deposit models into flexible probabilistic structures based on (1) extraction of ore components (fluids, metals, and ligands) from crustal or mantle sources or both, (2) fluid- or melt-assisted transport of ore components from source to trap zones, (3) formation of trap zones (i.e., effective melt or fluid channels) that can focus melt or fluid migration and accommodate large amounts of metal, and (4) operation of the physicochemical processes that promote and sustain the deposition of metal from fluids or melts passing through a particular trap site. Our approach integrates these critical mineralization processes and conditions with concepts of probability theory, decision analysis, and financial modeling. The principal objective is to make mineral deposit models amenable to financial risk and value analysis and suitable for communication of value-creating geologic concepts to financial stakeholders in economic terms. A case study, based on an actual porphyry copper project, illustrates how the resulting probabilistic mineral systems model can generate a measure of the probability of ore occurrence as an input for exploration decision trees and simulations to calculate the expected value of an exploration project and the probability distribution of all possible surrounding net present values (NPVs) within a minimum and maximum range. Formulation of the probabilistic model closely follows and combines principles of the well-establisbed petroleum and mineral systems approaches and makes use of Excel™-based model templates with decision tree and simulation add-in software packages.