Liquid metal in prohibiting polysulfides shuttling in metal sulfides anode for sodium-ion batteries

Metal sulfides are a class of promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) owing to their high theoretical specific capacity. Nevertheless, the reactant products (polysulfides) could dissolve into electrolyte, shuttle across separator, and react with sodium anode, leading to severe capacity loss and safety concerns. Herein, for the first time, gallium (Ga)-based liquid metal (LM) alloy is incorporated with MoS₂ nanosheets to work as an anode in SIBs. The electron-rich, ultrahigh electrical conductivity, and self-healing properties of LM endow the heterostructured MoS₂-LM with highly improved conductivity and electrode integrity. Moreover, LM is demonstrated to have excellent capability for the adsorption of polysulfides (e.g., Na₂S, Na₂S₆, and S₈) and subsequent catalytic conversion of Na₂S. Consequently, the MoS₂-LM electrode exhibits superior ion diffusion kinetics and long cycling performance in SIBs and even in lithium/potassium-ion battery (LIB/PIB) systems, far better than those electrodes with conventional binders (polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)). This work provides a unique material design concept based on Ga-based liquid metal alloy for metal sulfide anodes in rechargeable battery systems and beyond.