Managing vitreoretinal complications in uveal melanoma: surgical treatment and practical considerations

Background: In the past few decades, the primary management for uveal melanoma has evolved from enucleation to eye-preserving treatments. However, despite achieving a high rate of local tumour control, complications following eye-preserving treatments still occur and are partly responsible for functional loss and secondary enucleation. Methods: A literature review by a broad international panel. Results: We summarised the current literature on utilizing vitreoretinal (VR) surgery for managing the complications of uveal melanoma. We also provided insights from the authors' personal experience and practical recommendations for clinical care. Conclusions: With the advancement of VR instruments and surgical techniques and the combination of VR and ocular oncology knowledge ("Onco-VR"), it is now possible to manage or even prevent complications such as vitreous haemorrhage, retinal detachment, and toxic tumour syndrome.