Mapping empire: Knowledge production and government in the nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire

Many studies of the nineteenth century Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have been concerned with the economic, social and political influence exerted by European colonial governments through the accumulation of knowledge about the region and its subsequent military domination. The case of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century demonstrates that European techniques of knowledge production were also strategically adopted by ruling elites outside the colonial metropolises. Ottoman adoption of European technologies and techniques were politically entwined with the empire’s territorial claims against nascent nationalisms and a calculated move towards knowledge-based forms of government administration in the quest to hold onto power. Cartographic and demographic methods used by the Ottomans produced new assemblages of territory and population that profoundly reshaped the objective of government and the conduct of imperial administration. Statistics and geography became the choice tools of social progress and advancement, underpinning the numerous reforms of the nineteenth century aimed at rationalisation and centralisation.