Multi-area load frequency control using an adaptive reaching law-based integral terminal sliding mode scheme

In a multi-area load frequency control (LFC) system, the dynamic frequency response of each indicates its ability to balance local loads and exchange power with neighboring regions. To enhance the multi-area LFC performance, an adaptive nonlinear reaching law-based integral terminal sliding mode controller (ANRL-ITSMC) is proposed this paper for the secondary frequency regulation in renewable energy-based multi-area power systems. The Lyapunov direct method is employed for the stability analysis and the performance of the proposed controller is evaluated under various uncertain conditions, including external load fluctuations, system loading changes, variations in inertia constant parameters, and significant integration of renewable energy sources. Comparative analysis with an existing SMC shows that the designed ANRL-ITSMC outperforms in stabilizing dynamic responses, improving settling time, and reducing peak overshoots and undershoots.