Nitrous oxide emission in altered nitrogen cycle and implications for climate change

Natural processes and human activities play a crucial role in changing the nitrogen cycle and increasing nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, which are accelerating at an unprecedented rate. N₂O has serious global warming potential (GWP), about 310 times higher than that of carbon dioxide. The food production, transportation, and energy required to sustain a world population of seven billion have required dramatic increases in the consumption of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers and fossil fuels, leading to increased N₂O in air and water. These changes have radically disturbed the nitrogen cycle and reactive nitrogen species, such as nitrous oxide (N₂O), and have impacted the climatic system. Yet, systematic and comprehensive studies on various underlying processes and parameters in the altered nitrogen cycle, and their implications for the climatic system are still lacking. This paper reviews how the nitrogen cycle has been disturbed and altered by anthropogenic activities, with a central focus on potential pathways of N₂O generation. The authors also estimate the N₂O–N emission mainly due to anthropogenic activities will be around 8.316 Tg N₂O–N yr⁻¹ in 2050. In order to minimize and tackle the N₂O emissions and its consequences on the global ecosystem and climate change, holistic mitigation strategies and diverse adaptations, policy reforms, and public awareness are suggested as vital considerations. This study concludes that rapidly increasing anthropogenic perturbations, the identification of new microbial communities, and their role in mediating biogeochemical processes now shape the modern nitrogen cycle.