Novel nanobiosensor

Nanotechnology significantly enhances nanobiosensors by improving their sensitivity, selectivity, and response time, transforming them into vital tools for rapid, point-of-care, and real-time medical diagnostics. By integrating advanced nanomaterials—such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), quantum dots (QDs), and graphene—into the sensing interface, these sensors can detect ultra-low concentrations of biomarkers, often at the single-molecule or single-cell level. Nanobiosensors often lose efficacy after systemic administration (injection into the bloodstream) due to a combination of physiological, chemical, and biological barriers that degrade or prematurely remove the sensors from circulation. Upon entering the bloodstream, nanoparticles (NPs) are immediately coated by blood plasma proteins. This "protein corona" can sterically mask the ligands on the sensor surface, preventing them from recognizing their target biomarkers. Consequently, there is a need for new approaches to extend nanoparticle residence time in vivo through particle surface modifications to circumvent macrophage uptake and systemic clearance. Strategies to improve efficacy, such as modifying the surface of nanobiosensors with PEGylation (to escape immune detection) or utilizing bio-mimetic coatings to enhance biocompatibility and reduce opsonization. The present invention relates to a novel nanobiosensor mixture for detecting ultra-low concentrations of biomarkers. The mixture comprises nanoparticles, as well as click chemistry-based linkers. Overall, the inventors find that the novel nanobiosensor mixture indeed successfully immobilize antibody onto both metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles.