Abstract
A novel generalisation to the Student-t Probabilistic Principal Component is proposed that: (1) accounts for an asymmetric distribution of the observation data; (2) is a framework for grouped and generalised multiple-degree-of-freedom structures, which provides a more flexible approach to modelling groups of marginal tail dependence in the observation data; and (3) separates the tail effect of the error terms and factors. The new feature extraction methods are derived in an incomplete data setting to efficiently handle the presence of missing values in the observation vector and their robustness is studied. Various special cases of the algorithm are discussed that are a result of simplified assumptions on the process generating the data. The applicability of the new framework is illustrated on a data set that consists of crypto currencies with the highest market capitalisation.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 108229 |
| Pages (from-to) | 1-27 |
| Number of pages | 27 |
| Journal | Journal of the Franklin Institute |
| Volume | 363 |
| Issue number | 1 |
| Early online date | 19 Nov 2025 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 1 Jan 2026 |
Keywords
- Probabilistic PCA
- EM Algorithm
- Robust orthogonal projections
- Skew grouped t-Copula
- Missing data
- Influence function tail dependence
- Dependence modelling
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