Protein glycosylation in Leishmania spp

Protein glycosylation is a co- and post-translational modification that, in Leishmania parasites, plays key roles in vector–parasite–vertebrate host interaction. In the mammalian host, Leishmania protein glycosylation is involved in virulence, host cell invasion, and immune evasion and modulation. The Leishmania glycocalyx is composed by a dense array of glycoconjugates including lipophosphoglycan, glycoinositolphospholipids, glycoproteins and proteophosphoglycans which varies in composition between Leishmania species and developmental stages. The current knowledge on Leishmania protein glycosylation is quite limited. The development of novel analytical tools to characterize the Leishmania glycoproteome and the expanding toolbox to modulate the parasite glycocode will help in deciphering the processes involved in Leishmania–host interaction. This review will recapitulate the current knowledge of Leishmania protein glycosylation, and glycan structures reported, and the potential application of mass spectrometry-based analysis for system-wide Leishmania glycoproteome and glycome analysis.