Recent advances in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles and cancer cell-derived small extracellular vesicles as drug delivery platforms

Advances in nanotechnology have paved the way for innovative drug delivery systems that enhance the effectiveness of cancer treatment. Cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles (CCM-NPs) and cancer cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (CsEVs) are emerging as promising drug delivery systems for cancer treatment due to their inherent properties such as low immunogenicity and natural targeting capabilities to cancer cells. However, a comprehensive comparison of the advantages, disadvantages, and similarities of these two platforms is lacking. This review summarizes the natural, engineered, and hybrid forms of CCM-NPs and CsEVs-based drug delivery platforms with a focus on comparison of these two platforms, considering key aspects including preparation methods, drug encapsulation strategies, delivery pathways, immune evasion, targeting ability, and their potential for clinical applications. By understanding the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, the aim is to pave the way for next-generation nanoscale drug delivery platforms and contribute to the development of more effective and personalized cancer therapies.