Reflection to resilience: a qualitative study of non-ruminative self-reflection, rumination, and resilience in emerging adults

We explored how emerging adults engaged in self-focused attention during stressors and whether specific forms of self-focus may enhance resilience capacities. We examined two forms: maladaptive ruminative thought and potentially adaptive non-ruminative self-reflection. Despite extensive research on rumination, the resilience-related role of non-ruminative self-reflection is less understood. Using reflexive thematic analysis, we analysed 44 interviews with culturally diverse Australians aged 18–25 years (22.5% male). Non-ruminative self-reflection involved recognising negative thoughts and feelings, evaluating coping strategies, and considering future adjustments. Conversely, rumination reflected cognitive rigidity and repetitive negative thinking. Non-ruminative self-reflection was typically prompted by perceived discrepancies between actual and desired states, while situational demands and emotional overwhelm often inhibited it. Motivations for in non-ruminative self-reflection included personal growth, addressing the situation, and gaining understanding, underscoring the role of motivational orientation in shaping non-ruminative self-reflection. Findings suggested that non-ruminative self-reflection may enhance resource use, self-efficacy, and coping adaptations during emerging adulthood.