Safety causation models in complex sociotechnical systems

This chapter offers an overview of safety causation models, exploring both simple and complex linear, as well as nonlinear complex models and theories. Commencing with the foundational concepts of Linear Causation Models, the discussion underscores the complexities inherent in sociotechnical systems. The chapter examines into Simple Linear Causation Models, encompassing Heinrich’s Domino Theory and the Loss Causation Model, providing insights into straightforward cause-and-effect paradigms, accompanied by analyses of accident scenarios. Progressing to Complex Linear Causation Models, the chapter examines advanced frameworks such as the Energy-Damage Model, Time Sequence Models, Epidemiological Models, Systemic Models, and Rasmussen’s Risk Management Framework. Subsequently, the chapter introduces the latest nonlinear complex models, including the Normal Accident Theory, Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM), and The Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Process (STAMP). Each model is evaluated for its capacity to address the intricacies of accidents in complex environments. The critical aspects of validation and reliability are discussed, assessing the applicability of these frameworks in real-world scenarios. The chapter also underlines challenges and limitations, providing practical insights for researchers and practitioners. This concise exploration serves as a valuable resource for those seeking to comprehend safety and accident causation models, bridging the gap between these models and the intricate dynamics of complex sociotechnical systems.