Sensitivity to envelope Interaural time differences: modeling auditory modulation filtering

For amplitude-modulated sound, the envelope interaural time difference (ITD_ENV) is a potential cue for sound-source location. ITD_ENV is encoded in the lateral superior olive (LSO) of the auditory brainstem, by excitatory-inhibitory (EI) neurons receiving ipsilateral excitation and contralateral inhibition. Between human listeners, sensitivity to ITD_ENV varies considerably, but ultimately decreases with increasing stimulus carrier frequency, and decreases more strongly with increasing modulation rate. Mechanisms underlying the variation in behavioral sensitivity remain unclear. Here, with increasing carrier frequency (4–10 kHz), as we phenomenologically model the associated decrease in ITD_ENV sensitivity using arbitrarily fewer neurons consistent across populations, we computationally model the variable sensitivity across human listeners and modulation rates (32–800 Hz) as the decreasing range of membrane frequency responses in LSO neurons. Transposed tones stimulate a bilateral auditory-periphery model, driving model EI neurons where electrical membrane impedance filters the frequency content of inputs driven by amplitude-modulated sound, evoking modulation filtering. Calculated from Fisher information in spike-rate functions of ITD_ENV, for model EI neuronal populations distinctly reflecting the LSO range in membrane frequency responses, just-noticeable differences in ITD_ENV collectively reproduce the largest variation in ITD_ENV sensitivity across human listeners. These slow to fast model populations each generally match the best human ITD_ENV sensitivity at a progressively higher modulation rate, by membrane-filtering and spike-generation properties producing realistically less than Poisson variance. Non-resonant model EI neurons are also sensitive to interaural intensity differences. With peripheral filters centered between carrier frequency and modulation sideband, fast resonant model EI neurons extend ITD_ENV sensitivity above 500-Hz modulation.