Sensors and techniques for creatinine detection: a review

The use of biochemical markers in the kidney healthcare has advanced dramatically in recent years. Creatinine and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) are two of the most essential biochemical markers that can help a concerned physician, nephrologist, or oncologist to understand the qualitative and quantitative functions of the kidneys. Monitoring serum creatinine levels is critical for renal health indicators such as creatinine and BUN. When people are diagnosed with kidney illness, they are usually prescribed with a regular blood test, ultrasound, MRI, X-ray, and/or CT scan, as well as hybrid radionucleotide scans like SPET/PET. These are conventional approaches that are commercially available. The blood test allows for a precise knowledge of serum creatinine and BUN levels, which aids in determining the blood's waste content and kidney functioning levels. However, these approaches are expensive, time intensive, and necessitate the use of technical professionals to undertake medical analysis on patients. As a result, new biosensing approaches for detecting creatinine as a biomarker have been developed by several research groups. It is hoped that the development of a quick and low-cost Point-of-Care (PoC) device would aid in more regular monitoring of renal healthcare, which will be useful in detecting early stages of kidney function loss.