Sex-linked markers in an Australian frog Platyplectrum ornatum (Limnodynastidae) with a small genome and homomorphic sex chromosomes

Chad Schimek, Foyez Shams, Ikuo Miura, Simon Clulow, Zuzana Majtanova, Janine Deakin, Tariq Ezaz*

*Corresponding author for this work

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Abstract

Amphibians have highly diverse sex-determining modes leading to a notable interest in vertebrate sex determination and sex chromosome evolution. The identification of sex-determining systems in amphibians, however, is often difficult as a vast majority consist of homomorphic sex chromosomes making them hard to distinguish. In this study, we used Diversity Array Technology sequencing (DArTseq) to identify the sex-determining system in the ornate burrowing frog from Australia, Platyplectrum ornatum. We applied DArTseq to 44 individuals, 19 males and 25 females, collected from two locations to develop sex-linked markers. Unexpectedly, these 44 individuals were classified into two distinct population clusters based on our SNP analyses, 36 individuals in cluster 1, and 8 individuals in cluster 2. We then performed sex-linkage analyses separately in each cluster. We identified 35 sex-linked markers from cluster 1, which were all associated with maleness. Therefore, P. ornatum cluster 1 is utilising a male heterogametic (XX/XY) sex-determining system. On the other hand, we identified 210 sex-linked markers from cluster 2, of which 89 were male specific, i.e., identifying XX/XY sex determining system and 111 were female specific, i.e., identifying ZZ/ZW sex determining system, suggesting existence of either male or female heterogametic sex determining system in cluster 2. We also performed cytogenetic analyses in 1 male and 1 female from cluster 1; however, we did not detect any visible differentiation between the X and Y sex chromosomes. We also mapped sex-linked markers from the two clusters against the P. ornatum genome and our comparative analysis indicated that the sex chromosomes in both clusters shared homologies to chromosome 10 (autosome) of Rana temporaria and ZWY sex chromosome of Xenopus tropicalis. Our preliminary data suggest that it is plausible that the cluster 2 has a potential to be either male or female heterogamety in sex determination, requiring further investigation.

Original languageEnglish
Article number20934
Pages (from-to)1-11
Number of pages11
JournalScientific Reports
Volume12
Issue number1
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 3 Dec 2022
Externally publishedYes

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Copyright the Author(s) 2022. Version archived for private and non-commercial use with the permission of the author/s and according to publisher conditions. For further rights please contact the publisher.

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