Sign constraints on feature weights improve a joint model of word segmentation and phonology

This paper describes a joint model of word segmentation and phonological alternations, which takes unsegmented utterances as input and infers word segmentations and underlying phonological representations. The model is a Maximum Entropy or log-linear model, which can express a probabilistic version of Optimality Theory (OT; Prince and Smolensky (2004)), a standard phonological framework. The features in our model are inspired by OT's Markedness and Faithfulness constraints. Following the OT principle that such features indicate "violations", we require their weights to be non-positive. We apply our model to a modified version of the Buckeye corpus (Pitt et al., 2007) in which the only phonological alternations are deletions of word-final /d/and /t/segments. The model sets a new state-ofthe-art for this corpus for word segmentation, identification of underlying forms, and identification of /d/and /t/deletions. We also show that the OT-inspired sign constraints on feature weights are crucial for accurate identification of deleted /d/s; without them our model posits approximately 10 times more deleted underlying /d/s than appear in the manually annotated data.