TY - JOUR
T1 - Surface brightness evolution of galaxies in the CANDELS GOODS fields up to z ∼ 6
T2 - high-z galaxies are unique or remain undetected
AU - Whitney, A.
AU - Conselice, C. J.
AU - Duncan, K.
AU - Spitler, L. R.
N1 - Copyright 2020 The American Astronomical Society. First published in the Astrophysical Journal, 903(1), 14, 2020, published by IOP Publishing. The original publication is available at https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb824. Version archived for private and non-commercial use with the permission of the author/s and according to publisher conditions. For further rights please contact the publisher.
PY - 2020/11/1
Y1 - 2020/11/1
N2 - We investigate the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV, λ ∼ 2000 Å) surface brightness (SB) evolution of galaxies up to z ∼ 6 using a variety of deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging. UV SB is a measure of the density of emission from mostly young stars and correlates with an unknown combination of star formation rate, initial mass function, cold gas mass density, dust attenuation, and the size evolution of galaxies. In addition to physical effects, the SB is, unlike magnitude, a more direct way in which a galaxy's detectability is determined. We find a very strong evolution in the intrinsic SB distribution that declines as (1+ z)3, decreasing by 4-5 mag arcsec-2 between z = 6 and z = 1. This change is much larger than expected in terms of the evolution in UV luminosity, sizes, or dust extinction, and we demonstrate that this evolution is "unnatural"and due to selection biases. We also find no strong correlation between mass and UV SB. Thus, deep HST imaging is unable to discover all of the most massive galaxies in the distant universe. Through simulations we show that only ∼15% of galaxies that we can detect at z = 2 would be detected at high z. We furthermore explore possible origins of high-SB galaxies at high z by investigating the relationship between intrinsic SB and star formation rates. We conclude that ultra-high-SB galaxies are produced by very gas-rich dense galaxies that are in a unique phase of evolution, possibly produced by mergers. Analogs of such galaxies do not exist in the relatively nearby universe.
AB - We investigate the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV, λ ∼ 2000 Å) surface brightness (SB) evolution of galaxies up to z ∼ 6 using a variety of deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging. UV SB is a measure of the density of emission from mostly young stars and correlates with an unknown combination of star formation rate, initial mass function, cold gas mass density, dust attenuation, and the size evolution of galaxies. In addition to physical effects, the SB is, unlike magnitude, a more direct way in which a galaxy's detectability is determined. We find a very strong evolution in the intrinsic SB distribution that declines as (1+ z)3, decreasing by 4-5 mag arcsec-2 between z = 6 and z = 1. This change is much larger than expected in terms of the evolution in UV luminosity, sizes, or dust extinction, and we demonstrate that this evolution is "unnatural"and due to selection biases. We also find no strong correlation between mass and UV SB. Thus, deep HST imaging is unable to discover all of the most massive galaxies in the distant universe. Through simulations we show that only ∼15% of galaxies that we can detect at z = 2 would be detected at high z. We furthermore explore possible origins of high-SB galaxies at high z by investigating the relationship between intrinsic SB and star formation rates. We conclude that ultra-high-SB galaxies are produced by very gas-rich dense galaxies that are in a unique phase of evolution, possibly produced by mergers. Analogs of such galaxies do not exist in the relatively nearby universe.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85095607358&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3847/1538-4357/abb824
DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/abb824
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85095607358
SN - 0004-637X
VL - 903
SP - 1
EP - 19
JO - Astrophysical Journal
JF - Astrophysical Journal
IS - 1
M1 - 14
ER -