Terrorism as a global security challenge

This chapter examines the evolution of terrorism from a localized law enforcement issue to a preeminent global security challenge following the September 11, 2001, attacks. Terrorism’s transformation is traced through two phases: pre-2001 local threats and post-2001 transnational networks with global ambitions. It is argued that terrorism in the 21st Century is characterized by decentralized structures, sophisticated use of digital media, tactical adaptability, and increasingly blurred boundaries with other forms of violent extremism. Diverse contemporary manifestations of terrorism are outlined, including jihadism, ethno-nationalist movements, the far-right, and online extremism. It is also explained how counter terrorism responses have reshaped military doctrine, domestic security architecture, and civil liberties in liberal democracies, while facing challenges balancing security with democratic values. The chapter concludes that while comprehensive solutions remain elusive, effective terrorism management requires multidimensional approaches combining security measures with political, socioeconomic, and ideological interventions, supported by enhanced international cooperation and evidence-based research.