The evolution of alternative control strategies in a traditional crop: economy and policy as drivers of olive fly control

The present essay links historical socioeconomic processes with pest control activities and research and development (R&D) trends in plant protection. We selected the olive orchard agroecosystem, especially in Southern Europe, as a model system. We specifically followed the evolution of olive fly (Bactrocera oleae) control strategies and research activities and linked them with economic processes in the producing countries and with European policy directives. Our analysis includes the period following the Second World War and until recent times. Our main aim was to understand the socioeconomic forces that shape agroecosystem management, especially pest control. Although we only developed the case for the olive fly in Southern Europe, we believe that most human agricultural environments are subjected to similar economic, social, and environmental processes and forces. This historical account shows the complexity involved in the management of the agroecosystem and the effect of global and local factors on plant protection activities and developments, highlighting the need for a holistic approach when agricultural and research policies are formulated.