The redistribution of rare-earth elements in secondary minerals of hydrothermal veins, Schwarzwald, Southwestern Germany

Minerals of the rare-earth elements (REE) occur as supergene phases in the Schwarzwald ore district, southwestern Germany. They form by alteration of hydrothermal fluorite - barite - quartz - carbonate veins with various associations, including Cu- Pb, Pb-Zn and Co-Bi-Ag-U assemblages in sandstones, gneisses and granites. The REE minerals, including mixite-group minerals ([REE,Bi,Ca,Pb]Cu ₆(AsO ₄AsO ₃0H) ₃OH ₆·3H ₂O), rhabdophane and churchite (REEPO ₄·2H ₂O and REEPO ₄·2H ₂O), chukhrovite (Ca3REEAl2SO4Fi3·10H2O) and bastnasite (REECO3F), were analyzed by electron microprobe and LA-ICP-MS. In addition, REE concentrations in secondary fluorite, calcite and Mn oxides cogenetic with the REE minerals were determined by LA-ICP-MS. Results of analyses of 74 mixite-group samples from 20 localities in the Schwarzwald ore district show that continuous miscibility is possible between REE and Ca and between Bi and Ca end-members. In contrast, no miscibility seems to exist between the Bi and REE end-members, and only Ca-rich members can accommodate small amounts of both Bi and REE. The REE phosphates churchite and rhabdophane do not occur at the same locality in the Schwarzwald, which is probably dependent on which REE (light or heavy) predominate at a certain locality. Whereas churchite incorporates heavy REE (HREE), rhabdophane prefers light REE (LREE). Dependent on the source of the REE, either HREE or LREE dominate in an alteration fluid and, consequently, only one type of REE phosphate forms. The HREE dominate in such a fluid if REE originate from dissolved "pitchblende", whereas the LREE dominate if the altered host-rock or dissolved fluorite are the source of the REE. The REE contents of Mn oxides and calcite cogenetic with REE-bearing mixite-group minerals show that the REE distribution of secondary minerals can be influenced by each other. Whereas the Mn oxides incorporate Ce4+ resulting in a positive Ce anomaly, a cogenetic mixite-group mineral develops a negative anomaly, which shows that Ce anomalies are coupled. Calcite intergrown with a mixite-group mineral can only incorporate those REE that are not consumed by the latter. These processes involve the distribution of REE between minerals on the micrometer scale and do not take place until minerals precipitate. However, sorption and complexation processes also take place during transport on a larger scale and produce decoupled Ce anomalies. This interplay between large- and small-scale processes results in a complex redistribution of REE during remobilization.