TY - JOUR
T1 - The reduction of nitriles to aldehydes
T2 - Applications of raney nickel/sodium hypophosphite monohydrate, of raney nickel/formic acid, or of raney(Ni/Al)Alloy/formic acid, respectively
AU - Staskun, Benjamin
AU - Van Es, Theodorus
PY - 2008
Y1 - 2008
N2 - The three title reductant systems have significant advantages in generating aldehydes fromnitriles. These include: the utilization of convenient hydrogen sources, namely, sodium hypophosphite monohydrate and formic acid, respectively, and of the relatively inexpensive Raney nickel and Raney (Ni/Al) alloy; the convenience of conducting the reaction(s) in aqueous media at ambient temperatures and pressures, and avoiding the use of trapping agents (except when transforming glycosyl nitriles (vide infra)) and of hydrogen cylinders. Numerous examples of the utilization of the title systems are presented (mostly from the more recent literature) that demonstrate the utility of the respective methods in transforming a solo cyano group, or when accompanied by other chemosensitive functions in a structure, to the corresponding aldehyde. Such substrates include benzonitriles, glycosyl nitriles, O-, N- and S-containing heterocyclic nitriles, aliphatic-aromatic situations, and more complex fused heterocyclic and carbocyclic scaffolds. The review reports modifications of the title methods and several notable steric effects.
AB - The three title reductant systems have significant advantages in generating aldehydes fromnitriles. These include: the utilization of convenient hydrogen sources, namely, sodium hypophosphite monohydrate and formic acid, respectively, and of the relatively inexpensive Raney nickel and Raney (Ni/Al) alloy; the convenience of conducting the reaction(s) in aqueous media at ambient temperatures and pressures, and avoiding the use of trapping agents (except when transforming glycosyl nitriles (vide infra)) and of hydrogen cylinders. Numerous examples of the utilization of the title systems are presented (mostly from the more recent literature) that demonstrate the utility of the respective methods in transforming a solo cyano group, or when accompanied by other chemosensitive functions in a structure, to the corresponding aldehyde. Such substrates include benzonitriles, glycosyl nitriles, O-, N- and S-containing heterocyclic nitriles, aliphatic-aromatic situations, and more complex fused heterocyclic and carbocyclic scaffolds. The review reports modifications of the title methods and several notable steric effects.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84855655193&partnerID=8YFLogxK
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:84855655193
SN - 0379-4350
VL - 61
SP - 144
EP - 156
JO - South African Journal of Chemistry
JF - South African Journal of Chemistry
ER -