TY - GEN
T1 - Towards a two-tier Internet coordinate system to mitigate the impact of triangle inequality violations
AU - Kaafar, Mohamed Ali
AU - Gueye, Bamba
AU - Cantin, Francois
AU - Leduc, Guy
AU - Mathy, Laurent
PY - 2008
Y1 - 2008
N2 - Routing policies or path inflation can give rise to violations of the Triangle Inequality with respect to delay (RTTs) in the Internet. In network coordinate systems, such Triangle Inequality Violations (TIVs) will introduce inaccuracy, as nodes in this particular case could not be embedded into any metric space. In this paper, we consider these TIVs as an inherent and natural property of the Internet; rather than trying to remove them, we consider characterizing them and mitigating their impact on distributed coordinate systems. In a first step, we study TIVs existing in the Internet, using different metrics in order to quantify various levels of TIVs' severity. Our results show that path lengths do have an effect on the impact of these TIVs. In particular, the shorter the link between any two nodes is, the less severe TIVs involved in are. In a second step, we do leverage our study to reduce the impact of TIVs on coordinate systems. We focus on the particular case of the Vivaldi coordinate system and we explore how TIVs may impact its accuracy and stability. In particular, we observed correlation between the (in)stability and high effective error of nodes' coordinates with respect to their involvement in TIVs situations. We finally propose a Two-Tier architecture opposed to a flat structure of Vivaldi that do mitigate the effect of TIVs on the distances predictions.
AB - Routing policies or path inflation can give rise to violations of the Triangle Inequality with respect to delay (RTTs) in the Internet. In network coordinate systems, such Triangle Inequality Violations (TIVs) will introduce inaccuracy, as nodes in this particular case could not be embedded into any metric space. In this paper, we consider these TIVs as an inherent and natural property of the Internet; rather than trying to remove them, we consider characterizing them and mitigating their impact on distributed coordinate systems. In a first step, we study TIVs existing in the Internet, using different metrics in order to quantify various levels of TIVs' severity. Our results show that path lengths do have an effect on the impact of these TIVs. In particular, the shorter the link between any two nodes is, the less severe TIVs involved in are. In a second step, we do leverage our study to reduce the impact of TIVs on coordinate systems. We focus on the particular case of the Vivaldi coordinate system and we explore how TIVs may impact its accuracy and stability. In particular, we observed correlation between the (in)stability and high effective error of nodes' coordinates with respect to their involvement in TIVs situations. We finally propose a Two-Tier architecture opposed to a flat structure of Vivaldi that do mitigate the effect of TIVs on the distances predictions.
KW - experimentation
KW - Internet coordinate systems
KW - performance
KW - triangle inequality violations
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=44649145427&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/978-3-540-79549-0_35
DO - 10.1007/978-3-540-79549-0_35
M3 - Conference proceeding contribution
AN - SCOPUS:44649145427
SN - 3540795480
SN - 9783540795483
T3 - Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)
SP - 397
EP - 408
BT - NETWORKING 2008
A2 - Das, Amitabha
A2 - Pung, Hung Keng
A2 - Bu Sung Lee, Francis
A2 - Wai Choong Wong, Lawrence
PB - Springer, Springer Nature
CY - Berlin
T2 - 7th International IFIP-TC6 Networking Conference - NETWORKING 2008: AdHoc and Sensor Networks, Wireless Networks, Next Generation Internet
Y2 - 5 May 2008 through 5 September 2008
ER -