Utilizing photometry from multiple sources to mitigate stellar variability in precise radial velocities: A case study of Kepler-21

Corey Beard; Paul Robertson; Mark R. Giovinazzi; Joseph M. Akana Murphy; Eric B. Ford; Samuel Halverson; Te Han; Rae Holcomb; Jack Lubin; Rafael Luque; Pranav Premnath; Chad F. Bender; Cullen H. Blake; Qian Gong; Howard Isaacson; Shubham Kanodia; Dan Li; Andrea S. J. Lin; Sarah E. Logsdon; Emily Lubar; Michael W. McElwain; Andrew Monson; Joe P. Ninan; Jayadev Rajagopal; Arpita Roy; Christian Schwab; Gudmundur Stefansson; Ryan C. Terrien; Jason T. Wright

doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad6b22

Utilizing photometry from multiple sources to mitigate stellar variability in precise radial velocities: A case study of Kepler-21

Corey Beard, Paul Robertson, Mark R. Giovinazzi, Joseph M. Akana Murphy, Eric B. Ford, Samuel Halverson, Te Han, Rae Holcomb, Jack Lubin, Rafael Luque, Pranav Premnath, Chad F. Bender, Cullen H. Blake, Qian Gong, Howard Isaacson, Shubham Kanodia, Dan Li, Andrea S. J. Lin, Sarah E. Logsdon, Emily LubarMichael W. McElwain, Andrew Monson, Joe P. Ninan, Jayadev Rajagopal, Arpita Roy, Christian Schwab, Gudmundur Stefansson, Ryan C. Terrien, Jason T. Wright

School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences

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Abstract

We present a new analysis of Kepler-21, the brightest (V = 8.5) Kepler system with a known transiting exoplanet, Kepler-21 b. Kepler-21 b is a radius valley planet (R = 1.6 ± 0.2R_⊕) with an Earth-like composition (8.38 ± 1.62 g cm^-3), though its mass and radius fall in the regime of possible “water worlds.” We utilize new Keck/High-Resolution Echelle Spectrometer and WIYN/NEID radial velocity (RV) data in conjunction with Kepler and Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) photometry to perform a detailed study of activity mitigation between photometry and RVs. We additionally refine the system parameters, and we utilize Gaia astrometry to place constraints on a long-term RV trend. Our activity analysis affirms the quality of Kepler photometry for removing correlated noise from RVs, despite its temporal distance, though we reveal some cases where TESS may be superior. Using refined orbital parameters and updated composition curves, we rule out a water world scenario for Kepler-21 b, and we identify a long-period super-Jupiter planetary candidate, Kepler-21 (c).

Original language	English
Article number	149
Pages (from-to)	1-17
Number of pages	17
Journal	Astronomical Journal
Volume	168
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad6b22
Publication status	Published - 1 Oct 2024

Bibliographical note

© 2024. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Version archived for private and non-commercial use with the permission of the author/s and according to publisher conditions. For further rights please contact the publisher.

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10.3847/1538-3881/ad6b22Licence: CC BY

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Beard, C., Robertson, P., Giovinazzi, M. R., Murphy, J. M. A., Ford, E. B., Halverson, S., Han, T., Holcomb, R., Lubin, J., Luque, R., Premnath, P., Bender, C. F., Blake, C. H., Gong, Q., Isaacson, H., Kanodia, S., Li, D., Lin, A. S. J., Logsdon, S. E., ... Wright, J. T. (2024). Utilizing photometry from multiple sources to mitigate stellar variability in precise radial velocities: A case study of Kepler-21. Astronomical Journal, 168(4), 1-17. Article 149. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad6b22

@article{a96f7bd7b8ee458aa1e9150dcd1244de,

title = "Utilizing photometry from multiple sources to mitigate stellar variability in precise radial velocities: A case study of Kepler-21",

abstract = "We present a new analysis of Kepler-21, the brightest (V = 8.5) Kepler system with a known transiting exoplanet, Kepler-21 b. Kepler-21 b is a radius valley planet (R = 1.6 ± 0.2R⊕) with an Earth-like composition (8.38 ± 1.62 g cm-3), though its mass and radius fall in the regime of possible “water worlds.” We utilize new Keck/High-Resolution Echelle Spectrometer and WIYN/NEID radial velocity (RV) data in conjunction with Kepler and Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) photometry to perform a detailed study of activity mitigation between photometry and RVs. We additionally refine the system parameters, and we utilize Gaia astrometry to place constraints on a long-term RV trend. Our activity analysis affirms the quality of Kepler photometry for removing correlated noise from RVs, despite its temporal distance, though we reveal some cases where TESS may be superior. Using refined orbital parameters and updated composition curves, we rule out a water world scenario for Kepler-21 b, and we identify a long-period super-Jupiter planetary candidate, Kepler-21 (c).",

author = "Corey Beard and Paul Robertson and Giovinazzi, \{Mark R.\} and Murphy, \{Joseph M. Akana\} and Ford, \{Eric B.\} and Samuel Halverson and Te Han and Rae Holcomb and Jack Lubin and Rafael Luque and Pranav Premnath and Bender, \{Chad F.\} and Blake, \{Cullen H.\} and Qian Gong and Howard Isaacson and Shubham Kanodia and Dan Li and Lin, \{Andrea S. J.\} and Logsdon, \{Sarah E.\} and Emily Lubar and McElwain, \{Michael W.\} and Andrew Monson and Ninan, \{Joe P.\} and Jayadev Rajagopal and Arpita Roy and Christian Schwab and Gudmundur Stefansson and Terrien, \{Ryan C.\} and Wright, \{Jason T.\}",

note = "{\textcopyright} 2024. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Version archived for private and non-commercial use with the permission of the author/s and according to publisher conditions. For further rights please contact the publisher.",

year = "2024",

month = oct,

day = "1",

doi = "10.3847/1538-3881/ad6b22",

language = "English",

volume = "168",

pages = "1--17",

journal = "Astronomical Journal",

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Beard, C, Robertson, P, Giovinazzi, MR, Murphy, JMA, Ford, EB, Halverson, S, Han, T, Holcomb, R, Lubin, J, Luque, R, Premnath, P, Bender, CF, Blake, CH, Gong, Q, Isaacson, H, Kanodia, S, Li, D, Lin, ASJ, Logsdon, SE, Lubar, E, McElwain, MW, Monson, A, Ninan, JP, Rajagopal, J, Roy, A, Schwab, C, Stefansson, G, Terrien, RC & Wright, JT 2024, 'Utilizing photometry from multiple sources to mitigate stellar variability in precise radial velocities: A case study of Kepler-21', Astronomical Journal, vol. 168, no. 4, 149, pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad6b22

TY - JOUR

T1 - Utilizing photometry from multiple sources to mitigate stellar variability in precise radial velocities

T2 - A case study of Kepler-21

AU - Beard, Corey

AU - Robertson, Paul

AU - Giovinazzi, Mark R.

AU - Murphy, Joseph M. Akana

AU - Ford, Eric B.

AU - Halverson, Samuel

AU - Han, Te

AU - Holcomb, Rae

AU - Lubin, Jack

AU - Luque, Rafael

AU - Premnath, Pranav

AU - Bender, Chad F.

AU - Blake, Cullen H.

AU - Gong, Qian

AU - Isaacson, Howard

AU - Kanodia, Shubham

AU - Li, Dan

AU - Lin, Andrea S. J.

AU - Logsdon, Sarah E.

AU - Lubar, Emily

AU - McElwain, Michael W.

AU - Monson, Andrew

AU - Ninan, Joe P.

AU - Rajagopal, Jayadev

AU - Roy, Arpita

AU - Schwab, Christian

AU - Stefansson, Gudmundur

AU - Terrien, Ryan C.

AU - Wright, Jason T.

N1 - © 2024. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Version archived for private and non-commercial use with the permission of the author/s and according to publisher conditions. For further rights please contact the publisher.

PY - 2024/10/1

Y1 - 2024/10/1

N2 - We present a new analysis of Kepler-21, the brightest (V = 8.5) Kepler system with a known transiting exoplanet, Kepler-21 b. Kepler-21 b is a radius valley planet (R = 1.6 ± 0.2R⊕) with an Earth-like composition (8.38 ± 1.62 g cm-3), though its mass and radius fall in the regime of possible “water worlds.” We utilize new Keck/High-Resolution Echelle Spectrometer and WIYN/NEID radial velocity (RV) data in conjunction with Kepler and Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) photometry to perform a detailed study of activity mitigation between photometry and RVs. We additionally refine the system parameters, and we utilize Gaia astrometry to place constraints on a long-term RV trend. Our activity analysis affirms the quality of Kepler photometry for removing correlated noise from RVs, despite its temporal distance, though we reveal some cases where TESS may be superior. Using refined orbital parameters and updated composition curves, we rule out a water world scenario for Kepler-21 b, and we identify a long-period super-Jupiter planetary candidate, Kepler-21 (c).

AB - We present a new analysis of Kepler-21, the brightest (V = 8.5) Kepler system with a known transiting exoplanet, Kepler-21 b. Kepler-21 b is a radius valley planet (R = 1.6 ± 0.2R⊕) with an Earth-like composition (8.38 ± 1.62 g cm-3), though its mass and radius fall in the regime of possible “water worlds.” We utilize new Keck/High-Resolution Echelle Spectrometer and WIYN/NEID radial velocity (RV) data in conjunction with Kepler and Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) photometry to perform a detailed study of activity mitigation between photometry and RVs. We additionally refine the system parameters, and we utilize Gaia astrometry to place constraints on a long-term RV trend. Our activity analysis affirms the quality of Kepler photometry for removing correlated noise from RVs, despite its temporal distance, though we reveal some cases where TESS may be superior. Using refined orbital parameters and updated composition curves, we rule out a water world scenario for Kepler-21 b, and we identify a long-period super-Jupiter planetary candidate, Kepler-21 (c).

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85204355616

U2 - 10.3847/1538-3881/ad6b22

DO - 10.3847/1538-3881/ad6b22

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85204355616

SN - 0004-6256

VL - 168

SP - 1

EP - 17

JO - Astronomical Journal

JF - Astronomical Journal

IS - 4

M1 - 149

ER -

Utilizing photometry from multiple sources to mitigate stellar variability in precise radial velocities: A case study of Kepler-21

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