Waves in the solar photosphere

The solar photosphere is a partially ionized medium with collisions between electrons, various metallic ions and neutral hydrogen playing an important role in the momentum and energy transport in the medium. Furthermore, the number of neutral hydrogen atoms could be as large as 10⁴ times the number of plasma particles in the lower photosphere. The non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects, namely Ohm, ambipolar and Hall diffusion, can play an important role in the photosphere. We demonstrate that Hall is an important non-ideal MHD effect in the solar photosphere and show that the Hall effect can significantly affect the excitation and propagation of the waves in the medium. We also demonstrate that the non-ideal Hall-dominated inhomogeneous medium can become parametrically unstable, and it could have important ramifications for the photosphere and chromosphere of the Sun. The analysis hints at the possibility of the solar photosphere becoming parametrically unstable against the linear fluctuations.