Weak mass loss from the red supergiant progenitor of the Type II SN 2021yja

Griffin Hosseinzadeh; Charles D. Kilpatrick; Yize Dong; David J. Sand; Jennifer E. Andrews; K. Azalee Bostroem; Daryl Janzen; Jacob E. Jencson; Michael Lundquist; Nicolas E. Meza Retamal; Jeniveve Pearson; Stefano Valenti; Samuel Wyatt; Jamison Burke; Daichi Hiramatsu; D. Andrew Howell; Curtis McCully; Megan Newsome; Estefania Padilla Gonzalez; Craig Pellegrino; Giacomo Terreran; Katie Auchettl; Kyle W. Davis; Ryan J. Foley; Hao-Yu Miao; Yen-Chen Pan; Armin Rest; Matthew R. Siebert; Kirsty Taggart; Brad E. Tucker; Feng Lin Cyrus Leung; Jonathan J. Swift; Grace Yang; Joseph P. Anderson; Chris Ashall; Stefano Benetti; Peter J. Brown; Régis Cartier; Ting-Wan Chen; Massimo Della Valle; Lluís Galbany; Sebastian Gomez; Mariusz Gromadzki; Joshua Haislip; Eric Y. Hsiao; Cosimo Inserra; Saurabh W. Jha; Thomas L. Killestein; Vladimir Kouprianov; Alexandra Kozyreva; Tomás E. Müller-Bravo; Matt Nicholl; Emmy Paraskeva; Daniel E. Reichart; Stuart Ryder; Melissa Shahbandeh; Ben Shappee; Nathan Smith; David R. Young

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac75f0

Weak mass loss from the red supergiant progenitor of the Type II SN 2021yja

Griffin Hosseinzadeh^*, Charles D. Kilpatrick, Yize Dong, David J. Sand, Jennifer E. Andrews, K. Azalee Bostroem, Daryl Janzen, Jacob E. Jencson, Michael Lundquist, Nicolas E. Meza Retamal, Jeniveve Pearson, Stefano Valenti, Samuel Wyatt, Jamison Burke, Daichi Hiramatsu, D. Andrew Howell, Curtis McCully, Megan Newsome, Estefania Padilla Gonzalez, Craig PellegrinoGiacomo Terreran, Katie Auchettl, Kyle W. Davis, Ryan J. Foley, Hao-Yu Miao, Yen-Chen Pan, Armin Rest, Matthew R. Siebert, Kirsty Taggart, Brad E. Tucker, Feng Lin Cyrus Leung, Jonathan J. Swift, Grace Yang, Joseph P. Anderson, Chris Ashall, Stefano Benetti, Peter J. Brown, Régis Cartier, Ting-Wan Chen, Massimo Della Valle, Lluís Galbany, Sebastian Gomez, Mariusz Gromadzki, Joshua Haislip, Eric Y. Hsiao, Cosimo Inserra, Saurabh W. Jha, Thomas L. Killestein, Vladimir Kouprianov, Alexandra Kozyreva, Tomás E. Müller-Bravo, Matt Nicholl, Emmy Paraskeva, Daniel E. Reichart, Stuart Ryder, Melissa Shahbandeh, Ben Shappee, Nathan Smith, David R. Young

^*Corresponding author for this work

School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences

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Abstract

We present high-cadence optical, ultraviolet (UV), and near-infrared data of the nearby (D ≈ 23 Mpc) Type II supernova (SN) 2021yja. Many Type II SNe show signs of interaction with circumstellar material (CSM) during the first few days after explosion, implying that their red supergiant (RSG) progenitors experience episodic or eruptive mass loss. However, because it is difficult to discover SNe early, the diversity of CSM configurations in RSGs has not been fully mapped. SN 2021yja, first detected within ≈ 5.4 hours of explosion, shows some signatures of CSM interaction (high UV luminosity and radio and x-ray emission) but without the narrow emission lines or early light-curve peak that can accompany CSM. Here we analyze the densely sampled early light curve and spectral series of this nearby SN to infer the properties of its progenitor and CSM. We find that the most likely progenitor was an RSG with an extended envelope, encompassed by low-density CSM. We also present archival Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the host galaxy of SN 2021yja, which allows us to place a stringent upper limit of ≲ 9 M_☉ on the progenitor mass. However, this is in tension with some aspects of the SN evolution, which point to a more massive progenitor. Our analysis highlights the need to consider progenitor structure when making inferences about CSM properties, and that a comprehensive view of CSM tracers should be made to give a fuller view of the last years of RSG evolution.

Original language	English
Article number	31
Pages (from-to)	1-23
Number of pages	23
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	935
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac75f0
Publication status	Published - 1 Aug 2022

Bibliographical note

Copyright © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Version archived for private and non-commercial use with the permission of the author/s and according to publisher conditions. For further rights please contact the publisher.

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Hosseinzadeh, G., Kilpatrick, C. D., Dong, Y., Sand, D. J., Andrews, J. E., Bostroem, K. A., Janzen, D., Jencson, J. E., Lundquist, M., Meza Retamal, N. E., Pearson, J., Valenti, S., Wyatt, S., Burke, J., Hiramatsu, D., Howell, D. A., McCully, C., Newsome, M., Gonzalez, E. P., ... Young, D. R. (2022). Weak mass loss from the red supergiant progenitor of the Type II SN 2021yja. Astrophysical Journal, 935(1), 1-23. Article 31. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac75f0

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title = "Weak mass loss from the red supergiant progenitor of the Type II SN 2021yja",

abstract = "We present high-cadence optical, ultraviolet (UV), and near-infrared data of the nearby (D ≈ 23 Mpc) Type II supernova (SN) 2021yja. Many Type II SNe show signs of interaction with circumstellar material (CSM) during the first few days after explosion, implying that their red supergiant (RSG) progenitors experience episodic or eruptive mass loss. However, because it is difficult to discover SNe early, the diversity of CSM configurations in RSGs has not been fully mapped. SN 2021yja, first detected within ≈ 5.4 hours of explosion, shows some signatures of CSM interaction (high UV luminosity and radio and x-ray emission) but without the narrow emission lines or early light-curve peak that can accompany CSM. Here we analyze the densely sampled early light curve and spectral series of this nearby SN to infer the properties of its progenitor and CSM. We find that the most likely progenitor was an RSG with an extended envelope, encompassed by low-density CSM. We also present archival Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the host galaxy of SN 2021yja, which allows us to place a stringent upper limit of ≲ 9 M☉ on the progenitor mass. However, this is in tension with some aspects of the SN evolution, which point to a more massive progenitor. Our analysis highlights the need to consider progenitor structure when making inferences about CSM properties, and that a comprehensive view of CSM tracers should be made to give a fuller view of the last years of RSG evolution.",

author = "Griffin Hosseinzadeh and Kilpatrick, {Charles D.} and Yize Dong and Sand, {David J.} and Andrews, {Jennifer E.} and Bostroem, {K. Azalee} and Daryl Janzen and Jencson, {Jacob E.} and Michael Lundquist and {Meza Retamal}, {Nicolas E.} and Jeniveve Pearson and Stefano Valenti and Samuel Wyatt and Jamison Burke and Daichi Hiramatsu and Howell, {D. Andrew} and Curtis McCully and Megan Newsome and Gonzalez, {Estefania Padilla} and Craig Pellegrino and Giacomo Terreran and Katie Auchettl and Davis, {Kyle W.} and Foley, {Ryan J.} and Hao-Yu Miao and Yen-Chen Pan and Armin Rest and Siebert, {Matthew R.} and Kirsty Taggart and Tucker, {Brad E.} and {Cyrus Leung}, {Feng Lin} and Swift, {Jonathan J.} and Grace Yang and Anderson, {Joseph P.} and Chris Ashall and Stefano Benetti and Brown, {Peter J.} and R{\'e}gis Cartier and Ting-Wan Chen and Valle, {Massimo Della} and Llu{\'i}s Galbany and Sebastian Gomez and Mariusz Gromadzki and Joshua Haislip and Hsiao, {Eric Y.} and Cosimo Inserra and Jha, {Saurabh W.} and Killestein, {Thomas L.} and Vladimir Kouprianov and Alexandra Kozyreva and M{\"u}ller-Bravo, {Tom{\'a}s E.} and Matt Nicholl and Emmy Paraskeva and Reichart, {Daniel E.} and Stuart Ryder and Melissa Shahbandeh and Ben Shappee and Nathan Smith and Young, {David R.}",

note = "Copyright {\textcopyright} 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Version archived for private and non-commercial use with the permission of the author/s and according to publisher conditions. For further rights please contact the publisher.",

year = "2022",

month = aug,

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doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/ac75f0",

language = "English",

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journal = "Astrophysical Journal",

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Hosseinzadeh, G, Kilpatrick, CD, Dong, Y, Sand, DJ, Andrews, JE, Bostroem, KA, Janzen, D, Jencson, JE, Lundquist, M, Meza Retamal, NE, Pearson, J, Valenti, S, Wyatt, S, Burke, J, Hiramatsu, D, Howell, DA, McCully, C, Newsome, M, Gonzalez, EP, Pellegrino, C, Terreran, G, Auchettl, K, Davis, KW, Foley, RJ, Miao, H-Y, Pan, Y-C, Rest, A, Siebert, MR, Taggart, K, Tucker, BE, Cyrus Leung, FL, Swift, JJ, Yang, G, Anderson, JP, Ashall, C, Benetti, S, Brown, PJ, Cartier, R, Chen, T-W, Valle, MD, Galbany, L, Gomez, S, Gromadzki, M, Haislip, J, Hsiao, EY, Inserra, C, Jha, SW, Killestein, TL, Kouprianov, V, Kozyreva, A, Müller-Bravo, TE, Nicholl, M, Paraskeva, E, Reichart, DE, Ryder, S, Shahbandeh, M, Shappee, B, Smith, N & Young, DR 2022, 'Weak mass loss from the red supergiant progenitor of the Type II SN 2021yja', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 935, no. 1, 31, pp. 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac75f0

TY - JOUR

T1 - Weak mass loss from the red supergiant progenitor of the Type II SN 2021yja

AU - Hosseinzadeh, Griffin

AU - Kilpatrick, Charles D.

AU - Dong, Yize

AU - Sand, David J.

AU - Andrews, Jennifer E.

AU - Bostroem, K. Azalee

AU - Janzen, Daryl

AU - Jencson, Jacob E.

AU - Lundquist, Michael

AU - Meza Retamal, Nicolas E.

AU - Pearson, Jeniveve

AU - Valenti, Stefano

AU - Wyatt, Samuel

AU - Burke, Jamison

AU - Hiramatsu, Daichi

AU - Howell, D. Andrew

AU - McCully, Curtis

AU - Newsome, Megan

AU - Gonzalez, Estefania Padilla

AU - Pellegrino, Craig

AU - Terreran, Giacomo

AU - Auchettl, Katie

AU - Davis, Kyle W.

AU - Foley, Ryan J.

AU - Miao, Hao-Yu

AU - Pan, Yen-Chen

AU - Rest, Armin

AU - Siebert, Matthew R.

AU - Taggart, Kirsty

AU - Tucker, Brad E.

AU - Cyrus Leung, Feng Lin

AU - Swift, Jonathan J.

AU - Yang, Grace

AU - Anderson, Joseph P.

AU - Ashall, Chris

AU - Benetti, Stefano

AU - Brown, Peter J.

AU - Cartier, Régis

AU - Chen, Ting-Wan

AU - Valle, Massimo Della

AU - Galbany, Lluís

AU - Gomez, Sebastian

AU - Gromadzki, Mariusz

AU - Haislip, Joshua

AU - Hsiao, Eric Y.

AU - Inserra, Cosimo

AU - Jha, Saurabh W.

AU - Killestein, Thomas L.

AU - Kouprianov, Vladimir

AU - Kozyreva, Alexandra

AU - Müller-Bravo, Tomás E.

AU - Nicholl, Matt

AU - Paraskeva, Emmy

AU - Reichart, Daniel E.

AU - Ryder, Stuart

AU - Shahbandeh, Melissa

AU - Shappee, Ben

AU - Smith, Nathan

AU - Young, David R.

N1 - Copyright © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Version archived for private and non-commercial use with the permission of the author/s and according to publisher conditions. For further rights please contact the publisher.

PY - 2022/8/1

Y1 - 2022/8/1

N2 - We present high-cadence optical, ultraviolet (UV), and near-infrared data of the nearby (D ≈ 23 Mpc) Type II supernova (SN) 2021yja. Many Type II SNe show signs of interaction with circumstellar material (CSM) during the first few days after explosion, implying that their red supergiant (RSG) progenitors experience episodic or eruptive mass loss. However, because it is difficult to discover SNe early, the diversity of CSM configurations in RSGs has not been fully mapped. SN 2021yja, first detected within ≈ 5.4 hours of explosion, shows some signatures of CSM interaction (high UV luminosity and radio and x-ray emission) but without the narrow emission lines or early light-curve peak that can accompany CSM. Here we analyze the densely sampled early light curve and spectral series of this nearby SN to infer the properties of its progenitor and CSM. We find that the most likely progenitor was an RSG with an extended envelope, encompassed by low-density CSM. We also present archival Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the host galaxy of SN 2021yja, which allows us to place a stringent upper limit of ≲ 9 M☉ on the progenitor mass. However, this is in tension with some aspects of the SN evolution, which point to a more massive progenitor. Our analysis highlights the need to consider progenitor structure when making inferences about CSM properties, and that a comprehensive view of CSM tracers should be made to give a fuller view of the last years of RSG evolution.

AB - We present high-cadence optical, ultraviolet (UV), and near-infrared data of the nearby (D ≈ 23 Mpc) Type II supernova (SN) 2021yja. Many Type II SNe show signs of interaction with circumstellar material (CSM) during the first few days after explosion, implying that their red supergiant (RSG) progenitors experience episodic or eruptive mass loss. However, because it is difficult to discover SNe early, the diversity of CSM configurations in RSGs has not been fully mapped. SN 2021yja, first detected within ≈ 5.4 hours of explosion, shows some signatures of CSM interaction (high UV luminosity and radio and x-ray emission) but without the narrow emission lines or early light-curve peak that can accompany CSM. Here we analyze the densely sampled early light curve and spectral series of this nearby SN to infer the properties of its progenitor and CSM. We find that the most likely progenitor was an RSG with an extended envelope, encompassed by low-density CSM. We also present archival Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the host galaxy of SN 2021yja, which allows us to place a stringent upper limit of ≲ 9 M☉ on the progenitor mass. However, this is in tension with some aspects of the SN evolution, which point to a more massive progenitor. Our analysis highlights the need to consider progenitor structure when making inferences about CSM properties, and that a comprehensive view of CSM tracers should be made to give a fuller view of the last years of RSG evolution.

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U2 - 10.3847/1538-4357/ac75f0

DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/ac75f0

M3 - Article

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SN - 0004-637X

VL - 935

SP - 1

EP - 23

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

IS - 1

M1 - 31

ER -

Weak mass loss from the red supergiant progenitor of the Type II SN 2021yja

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