Whole-plant capacitance, embolism resistance and slow transpiration rates all contribute to longer desiccation times in woody angiosperms from arid and wet habitats

Low water potentials in xylem can result in damaging levels of cavitation, yet little is understood about which hydraulic traits have most influence in delaying the onset of hydraulic dysfunction during periods of drought. We examined three traits contributing to longer desiccation times in excised shoots of 11 species from two sites of contrasting aridity: (i) the amount of water released from plant tissues per decrease in xylem water potential (W _Ψ); (ii) the minimum xylem water potential preceding acute water stress (defined as P_50L; water potential at 50% loss of leaf conductance); and (iii) the integrated transpiration rate between the points of full hydration and P_50L (W_time). The time required for species to reach P_50L varied markedly, ranging from 1.3h to nearly 3 days. W_Ψ, P_50L and W_time all contributed significantly to longer desiccation times, explaining 28, 22 and 50% of the variance in the time required to reach P_50L. Interestingly, these three traits were nearly orthogonal to one another, suggesting that they do not represent alternative hydraulic strategies, but likely trade off with other ecological strategies not evaluated in this study. The majority of water lost during desiccation (60-91%) originated from leaves, suggesting an important role for leaf capacitance in small plants when xylem water potentials decrease below-2MPa.