Modernisierungsverlierer und -gewinner - Ihre Anteile, Wahrnehmungen und Einstellungen in einem 30 Staaten umfassenden Vergleich

In the context of an international comparison this article focuses on theories and concepts of "modernization" losers. For this purpose a typology is introduced, considering both the objective and subjective aspects of being a loser. The typology proposes four groups: absolute winners and losers, and supposed winners and losers. Our analysis tests to which extent characteristics of the winner and loser groups impact political attitudes (for example, self-placement on a left-right axis). The distribution of modernization losers and winners is not only determined by economic developments, but may also be altered by political initiatives, such as public welfare expenditure.